What Is a Novel Definition and Characteristics

A novel is a narrative work of prose fiction that tells a story about specific human experiences over a considerable length. Prose style and length, as well as fictional or semi-fictional subject matter, are the most clearly defining characteristics of a novel. Unlike works of epic poetry, it tells its story using prose rather than verse; unlike short stories, it tells a lengthy narrative rather than a brief selection. There are, however, other characteristic elements that set the novel apart as a particular literary form. Key Takeaways: What Is A Novel? A novel is a work of prose fiction that tells a narrative over an extended length.Novels date as far back as 1010s Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu; European novels first appeared in the early seventeenth century.Novels overtook epic poetry and chivalric romances as the most popular mode of storytelling, with an emphasis on the personal reading experience.Today, novels come in a wide array of subgenres Definition of a Novel For the most part, novels are dedicated to narrating individual experiences of characters, creating a closer, more complex portrait of these characters and the world they live in. Inner feelings and thoughts, as well as complex, even conflicting ideas or values are typically explored in novels, more so than in preceding forms of literature. It’s not just the stories themselves that are more personal, but the experience of reading them as well. Where epic poetry and similar forms of storytelling were designed to be publicly read or consumed as an audience, novels are geared more towards an individual reader. The following traits must be present for a work to be considered a novel: Written in prose, as opposed to verse. Narrators may have different degrees of knowledge or different points of view (first person versus third person and so on). While stylized novels such as epistolary novels do exist, the key distinction here is between prose and verse.Of considerable length/word count. There is no specific word count that automatically makes a work a novel, but in general, a short novel would be considered a novella, and even shorter than that would be short fiction.Fictional content. Semi-fictionalized novels (such as historical works inspired by true events or persons) exist, but a work of pure non-fiction would not be classified as a novel.Individualism, both on the page and for the intended audience. In the everyday vernacular, the novel has come to be associated most closely with fiction, as opposed to nonfiction. For the most part, that association stands: not all fiction is novels, but all novels are fiction. A non-fiction prose work that is of the same length as a novel could fall into several other categories, such as historiography, biography, and so on. Although a novel is typically a work of fiction, many novels do weave in real human history. This can range from full-fledged novels of historical fiction, which focus on a specific era in history or depict semi-fictional narrative about real historical persons, to works of fiction that simply exist in the â€Å"real† world and carry that baggage and implications. There also are early modern works of historical nonfiction that were embellished with unconfirmed traditions or made-up speeches for dramatic effect. Despite this, for most purposes we can assume that, when we’re talking about novels, we’re talking about works of narrative fiction. Types of Novels Novels come in all styles imaginable, with every author bringing their own unique voice to the table. There are a handful of major subgenres that tend to make up a large share of the market, although there are many other genres (and mash-ups of genres) out there. A few of the major types of novels you might need to know about: Mystery novels Mystery novels revolve around a crime that must be solved, often a murder but not always. The traditional format will have a detective—either professional or amateur—as the protagonist, surrounded by a group of characters who help solve the crime or are suspects. Over the course of the story, the detective will sift through clues, including false leads and red herrings, to solve the case. Some of the best-known novels of all time fall into the mystery genre, including the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys series, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes novels, and Agatha Christie’s novels. Christie’s And Then There Were None is the world’s best-selling mystery novel. Science Fiction and Fantasy One of the more popular genres of novels is science fiction and fantasy, which both deal with speculative world building. The lines between the two are often blurred, but in general, science fiction tends to imagine a world that’s different because of technology, while fantasy imagines a world with magic. Early science fiction included the works of Jules Verne and continued on through George Orwell’s seminal classics such as 1984; contemporary science fiction is a highly popular genre. Some of the best-known novels in Western literature are fantasy novels, including the Lord of the Rings series, The Chronicles of Narnia, and Harry Potter; they owe their debt to European epic literature. Horror/thriller novels Thriller novels are occasionally combined with other genres, most often with mystery or science fiction. The defining characteristic is that these novels are often designed to induce a sense of fear, suspense, or psychological horror in the reader. Early versions of this genre included The Count of Monte Cristo (a revenge thriller) and Heart of Darkness (a psychological/horror thriller). More contemporary examples might be the novels of Stephen King. Romance Romance novels of the present day have some things in common with â€Å"romances† of the past: the idea of romantic love as an end goal, the occasional scandal, intense emotions at the center of it all. Today’s romances, however, are more specifically focused on telling a story of a romantic and/or sexual love between characters. They often follow highly specific structures and are all but required to have an optimistic or â€Å"happy† resolution. Romance is currently the most popular novel genre in the United States. Historical Fiction Just like its name suggests, historical fiction is simply a fictional story that takes place at some real, past time in human history. Some instances of historical fiction involve fictional (or semi-fictional) stories about actual historical figures, while others insert wholly original characters into real-life events. Iconic works of historical fiction include Ivanhoe, A Tale of Two Cities, Gone with the Wind, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Realist Fiction Realist fiction is, quite simply, fiction that eschews heightened genre or style to attempt to tell a story that â€Å"could† take place in the world as we know it. The focus is on representing things truthfully, without romanticization or artistic flourishes. Some of the best-known realist authors include Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Honorà © de Balzac, Anton Chekov, and George Eliot. Novel Structure and Elements A novel can be structured in a myriad of ways. Most commonly, novels will be structured chronologically, with story segments divided into chapters. However, this is not the only structural option for authors. Dividing Up the Story Chapters tend to revolve around some small portion of the novel that is unified by a character, theme, or piece of plot. In larger novels, chapters may be grouped together into even larger sections, perhaps grouped by time period or an overarching portion of the story. The division into smaller chunks of story is one of the defining elements of a novel; a story thats short enough to not need such divisions is likely not lengthy enough to qualify as a full-lengthy novel. Timelines and Points of View Authors may choose to structure novels in a variety of different ways. Instead of telling a story chronologically, for instance, the story may toggle between different time periods in order to maintain suspense or make a thematic point. Novels may also switch between the perspectives of multiple characters, rather than focusing on a single character as the sole protagonist. A novel may be told in the first person (narrated by a character) or in the third person (narrated by an outside voice with varying degrees of knowledge). Three-Act Structure Regardless of the time frame, a novel’s plot will often follow what is known as the three-act structure. The opening chapters will be concerned with acquainting readers with the main cast of characters and the world of the story, before a specific incident, typically referred to as the â€Å"inciting incident,† shakes up the status quo and launches the â€Å"real† story. From that point, the story (now in â€Å"Act 2†) will enter a series of complications as the protagonist pursues some goal, encountering obstacles and smaller goals along the way. At the midpoint of the story, there will often be some major shift that raises the stakes, all leading up to the emotional and narrative climax towards the end of the novel. â€Å"Act 3† concerns itself with this finale and the fallout. Sources Burgess, Anthony. Novel. Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/art/novel.Doody, Margaret Anne.  The True Story of the Novel. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. Merriam-Websters Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995.Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel. University of California Press, 2001.

Trafficking and Prostitution in Thailand Essay - 2651 Words

In a small village consumed by poverty a man in a business suit shows up. He goes from family to family offering to buy children for a year’s worth of pay. He gets to one family with a young girl whose father sells her to feed his addiction for heroine. Scared and confused the girl is now forced into a brothel, sexually pleasing more than 20 men a day. Nearly five years later she is rescued only to lose her life to AIDS from unprotected sex. The human trafficking industry in Thailand has long been overlooked both internally and externally. Corruption, greed, foreign relations, economic pressure, and overall demand have fueled the trafficking industry in Thailand. Until the world and the Thai government make serious changes to the way they†¦show more content†¦The children are enslaved as free labor and are of the victims of sexual abuse as well. According to Andrea Bertone and Christina Arnold, founders of the organization Prevent Human Trafficking, â€Å"Work for t rafficked victims consists of exploitation, debt bondage, low to no wages, excessive hours, unsafe conditions. Often victims see themselves as being no worse off than if they had stayed home† (Arnold 31). Despite the horrible conditions most victims don’t even realize the gravity of their situation and fall into a sense of appeasement. The state of social and economic disarray that plagues villages surrounding Thailand makes them easy prey for trafficking. According to Toward Freedom, and organization dedicated to advancement of human rights, peace, justice, enlightenment, and freedom from oppression, â€Å"Brothel owners have networks of agents combing the villages for troubled families with daughters, making tempting offers of good jobs in the big cities and resort areas† (â€Å"Toward†). The most common scenario for troubled families is that they are in debt and are without proper paying jobs. Families are offered up to an entire year’s salary and are also told their children will be going to a better life. Many families know they can’t support their children and see this as their only option. The economic issue prevalent is not unique to Thailand. According to Asia Times, an organization designed to report on Asian political, economic and businessShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking An d Its Effects On Human Rights1446 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is an assault on human rights and a violation of one’s dignity by means of forced labor, sex trafficking, bonded labor, and/or domestic servitude. It remains to be both a local and global issue, â€Å"occurring in nearly every country, and its networks are vast and formidable to investigate† (Jesionka 2012). Despite government, activist groups and other organization’s methods of intervention, human trafficking is still a major concern with more individuals enslaved now than ever beforeRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Rights Violations846 Words   |  4 PagesHuman trafficking is one of today’s egregious human rights violations. Traffickers focus on the most vulnerable members of society, preying mostly on women, and children, yet men are also trafficked in high numbers. Trafficking of a person refers to the, â€Å"illegal trade of a human being for sexual exploitation or force d labor through abduction, force, threat, or fraud† (UNOC 2015). Human trafficking can come in many forms such as, sex exploitation, forced labour, as well as forced donor-ship. TheRead MoreChild Pornography And Child Trafficking Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a total of 17.9 million children in Thailand under the age of 18, which includes homeless children, runaway children, children who live in poverty, or children who have a disability SOS CHILDREN. The estimated number of children in commercial sexual exploitation today in Thailand varies from 600,000 to 800,000 SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. More than 80% of these victims are women and girls, and 70% of them are forced into sexual servitude SEX TRAFFICKING BOOK. When a person obtains children for theRead MoreModern Day Slavery Of Thailand1525 Words   |  7 PagesModern day Slavery in Thailand Every year, Thailand experiences high rates of human trafficking from its rural parts and from its the neighboring countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Sex trafficking is not just described as the trade in humans for sexual slavery but also consists of forced marriages or even martyr organ donors. Trafficking is often seen through the hue of sexual slavery and it is critical to understand the social, political and economic reasons that contribute to the growthRead MoreChild Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 PagesChild Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia The world today faces many problems that are being combated by many organizations, yet there are broad ranges of challenges that are waiting to be fixed up but the efforts are not producing great results. One such problem human trafficking has been affecting many lives through years but through recent decades human trafficking both sexually and labor exploitation have risen drastically. Especially, in Southeast Asia, where child sex trafficking is a constantRead MoreProstitution Prevention And Prevention Act1560 Words   |  7 Pageshe perpetuation of human sex trafficking and the rising numbers of trafficked victims is also linked to Thailand’s weak government. The combination of widespread corruption among government officials and the lack of enforcement of laws concerning the Thai sex industry has lead to the prominence of human sex trafficking. The 1996 Prostitution Prevention and Prevention Act was implemented to punish pimps, procurers, brothel owners and customers, ho wever; this law and many others designed to protectRead MoreEssay on Human Trafficking1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Acts of 2003 and 2005 have defined sex trafficking as a commercial sexual act or acts that are induced by fraud, coercion, or in which the person to perform these sexual acts are under the age of eighteen Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010). The sex industry in Cambodia and Thailand consists of men, women, and children. In order for there to be enforced labor and sex trafficking there has to be formsRead MoreProstitution Is Legal For Human Trafficking1010 Words   |  5 Pagesare the thoughts I was having when I saw that Thailand has a total of around three million sex workers in their country, and the number is increasing. Prostitution is legal but human trafficking is not. How can we make prostitution legal and then not expect is to lead to more human trafficking aroun d the world. Prostitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Usually when you think about prostitution you think about out of the United States. ButRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1273 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with it are almost identical. Human trafficking, or â€Å"the modern slavery,† is defined as the â€Å"organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited (as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor)† by Merriam Webster Dictionary (np). At any given time this affects 2.4 million people, 80% of whom are sexually exploited. This paper will highlight the tragic past of human trafficking for sexual exploitation and its current effectRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Exploitation Of Women And Children1370 Words   |  6 PagesSex trafficking is the exploitation of women and children, within national or across international borders, for the purposes of forced sex work. Modern day trafficking is a type of slavery that involves the transport or trade of people for the purpose of work.Human trafficking impacts people of all backgrounds, and people are trafficked for a variety of purposes. Men are often trafficked into hard labor jobs, while children are trafficked into labor positions in textile, agriculture and fishing industries

The Demand for Slavery Free Essays

â€Å"Keeping in mind Gregory O’Malley’s article, â€Å"Beyond the Middle Passage: Slave Migration from the Caribbean to North America, 1619-1807,† as well as materials from the lectures, describe the contribution of African-Americans, whether slave or free, to the composition of the population of the United States by 1790. How important does O’Malley believe that second voyages, from Caribbean islands to the mainland, were in creating the African American population of the colonies on the North American continent that became the United States? How and why do O’Malleys estimates differ from those of other historians? What implications may his findings have for how Africans were absorbed into mainland society? † The New Demand for Slavery By the year 1790, slave trade became the dominant source of labor in the English colonies, and the Caribbean. The bound labor made it to America in two different routes, and often determined their worth, but they never became more than a minority. We will write a custom essay sample on The Demand for Slavery or any similar topic only for you Order Now The slave trade provided a substantial growth in the Colonies, now allowing the whites to have workers that could complete the hard tasks, undesired by traditional colonial people. The bound Africans were thought to be essential labor, hich made the slave trade take off, and the importation numbers to rise. Therefore these areas, with an excessive deal of hard work, often felt that the bound labor was essential for economic growth and the United States population began to increase as the bound labor became favored. African forced labor contributed to the population of the inland Colonies and the Caribbean, but made a different effect in each area, as stated in the lecture. As the rising need for laborers increased, so did the number of bound labor. Where the labor first began to peak, was in the Caribbean. The weather was blistering, due to he tropical climate. This made disease prevalent in place like the West Indies, which made the Europeans avoid the hard effort needed. The Europeans also avoided the work in the West Indies when they found out the work was undesirable, very laborious, and by the time they reached freedom, they would not be able to afford land on the islands. Due to this, they had to satisfy the need for workers by finding involuntary people to complete the task. The number of slaves began to rise in the southern colonies, as soon they began to recognize that tobacco production was cheaper and more productive than sugar lantations. Natural reproduction tremendously drove the slave populace up, but also did the demand for workers on the tobacco fields. O’Malley stated in the first census, taken in 1790, that one in five people came from African origins. Today, in the twenty-first century, nearly twelve percent of the American population was made up of slaves. The shipping records indicate the number of slaves that came directly to America, but not the exact population of slaves in the Colonies. Slaves were favored straight from Africa, because they thought the forced labors coming from the Therefore, many slaves were unaccounted for, because that seemed irrelevant to the fact that they needed workers fast, to support the economic growth, and fulfill the hard work being set forth. The trips from the Caribbean were still significant, but varied under certain rule. Under the Spanish rule, slaves from the Caribbean were favored, but under the French rule, slaves were favored straight from Africa. O’Malley states that the slave population can be different than what other historians consider, because the ships from the Caribbean often admitted to having more slaves aboard them then they ctually wrote down on the records. This could supply many more slaves to the Colonies that were unaccounted for, which could have helped drive the population. O’Malley implicated that many more Africans could have been shipped than what accounted for. Thus, it shows how the people often thought of the slaves more as a piece of luggage, rather than a real, living, breathing human being. The bound laborers were forcibly taken from their home, and put on a land they knew nothing about. The slaves were forced to work in the hot conditions of Caribbean, or even on plantations of the southern colonies. The distribution of the ound labor varied across areas that needed the workers, but could also afford them. The exact number of persons with African decent cannot be told, because many were not recorded on overstocked ships, and many voyages were not tracked, especially from the Caribbean. Discrimination played a major role in their everyday life, where they were treated like a piece of property, rather than a human being. After the harsh treatment, the bound laborers finally were labeled free at the end of the Civil War, but this was only a beginning of their struggle to be treated like an individual of the United States of America. How to cite The Demand for Slavery, Papers

Ethics and Sustainability in Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse the Concept and theories of Corporate Social Responsibility and how it relates to Ethical Business Practices. Answer: Introduction The conflict diamonds, which are popularly also known as blood diamonds are used mostly by the rebel activists so that it can fund the civil wars that are currently taking, place in large parts of Africa. The rise in the funding have resulted in the displacement and death of millions of people, as terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda finances most of the activities and indulge in money-laundering purposes (Smillie 2016). Figure 1: Conflict Diamonds (Source: Jakobi 2013) In the recent times, the practice is still going strong due to major conflicts that are still raging on some parts of the African continent. Parts like Ivory Coast, which is still under the rebels, are being mined for the diamonds so that it can be smuggled in the neighboring countries to be provided in the international markets. The Kimberley Process that was set up by the United Nations (UN) tries in stopping the trade by the illegal smuggling of these diamonds have increased and gained its access in Ghana from where it is sold in the international market (Jakobi 2013). Impact on stakeholders The stakeholders are the groups or the organizations that influences in an indirect or direct manner in the activities of the company. The conflict diamonds consist of variety of stakeholders and have a huge impact on the sale of the product. Multi-stakeholder policy (Kimberley Process) I am of the opinion that the Kimberley Process that was started to stop the trading process of the conflict diamonds was a huge failure by the United Nations. The process consist of various companies and 74 governments in Africa who have collaborated together in stopping the annihilation of the local people due to the illegal mining activities of diamonds (Cullen 2013). The research that I carried out emphasized that government soldiers in 2008 had to be deployed in the Marange diamond field so that the new order can be imposed, which will stop the merciless killing but in reality it was seen than more than 200 deaths took place along with torture and beating. From the De Beers controversy, I have come to the opinion that the process was to stop the problem by setting better standards, monitoring the process and verifying the exports that were being made but none of these activities were done, which led to the failure of it. Microsoft and Google had joined hands in developing a Globa l Network Initiative (GNI), which was done so that the freedom of expression along with the privacy of the internet can be protected (Davidson 2016). Figure 2: Kimberley Process (Source: Cullen 2013) Companies The research carried out by me showed that many of the international brands along with the US jewellery companies are dealing with conflict diamonds that has been triggering the violence and the civil wars in the African continent. International brands such as Cartier, Harry Winston and Bulgari could not provide a positive response in the Global Witness conference, which provided a proper hint that they were indulging in purchasing these diamonds. The jewellery chains such as Littman Jewelers, Bloomingdales and Saks Fifth Avenue also could not make the cut (Williams 2016). Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) The Kimberley process was done with the help of many NGOs so that it can help in looking after the impoverished population that was forced to work in the coal fields to exploit diamonds. On reviewing the report published by Amnesty International, I found that the yearly trade of diamonds is around $7 billion on a global scale and it constitutes of the conflict diamonds as well. To put an end to this, the NGOs launched campaign in the Sierra Leone region where the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) were amputating body parts of the victims, which constituted of children as well (Berman et al. 2017). Figure 3: Brutality towards local communities (Source: Williams 2016) Main issues The major issue that is present with conflict diamonds is that it is violating the human rights based on which the work has to be done. The rise in the funding has led to the serious civil wars in the African continent despite the active participation from the media. I feel that the rise in the conflict zones in Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone is due to the fact that the rebels want to gain control over the natural resources that consists of minerals, wood and oil (Bieri 2016). Figure 4: Mass killings by RUF in Sierra Leone (Source: Bieri 2016) The people who are mining in those areas are given unfair wages that is less that a dollar per day. They are not provided any training and are deprived from the important tools as well. Apart from these things, they are kept in unhygienic conditions, which give rise to vector-borne diseases such as malaria as well as HIV. Most of the mining communities are exploited through the mining practices, which gives rise to the lack in fundamental provisions such as clean drinking water among the people and other proper sanitation networks (Lorenz-Carl and Rempe 2016). Legislation These are the set of rules that are laid down so that it can help in reducing the level of atrocities that are met out to the people by placing a governing body along with policies and procedures. Diamond Tagging In my opinion, the use of laser and ion beam technology will help in inscribing the information on the diamonds by applying bar codes that are microscopic in nature. This will help in tracking and registering of the stones so that the country of origin can be identified. The laser technology is used only for cutting the diamonds whereas I think this can help in bringing revolutionary changes in the world of diamonds (Williams 2016). Recommendations I recommend that the use of conflict diamonds has to be stopped so that it can reduce the negative impacts that are taking place on the numerous people by the rebels. The funding that is reaching these organizations are exhibiting the purpose of money-laundering, which has given more power to the rebels in exploiting the human resources that is present in those areas. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the strong motive of the government may lead to the fall of these rebels who are creating nuisance in the African continent. The NGOs have to work in collaboration with the government so that proper steps can be taken in curbing down the industries that are dealing with these types of diamonds along with the laser tagging of the products, which needs to be mandatory for the mining companies. Reference List Berman, N., Couttenier, M., Rohner, D. and Thoenig, M., 2017. This mine is mine! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa.American Economic Review,107(6), pp.1564-1610. Bieri, F., 2016.From blood diamonds to the Kimberley Process: How NGOs cleaned up the global diamond industry. Routledge. Cullen, H., 2013. Is there a future for the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for conflict diamonds.Macquarie LJ,12, p.61. Davidson, N., 2016. The lion that didnt roar: can the Kimberley Process stop the blood diamonds trade?. Jakobi, A.P., 2013. Governing war economies: Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process. InThe Transnational Governance of Violence and Crime(pp. 84-105). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lorenz-Carl, U. and Rempe, M., 2016.Mapping agency: comparing regionalisms in Africa. Routledge. Smillie, I., 2016. Blood diamonds: Canada, Africa and some object lessons in global governance.CanadaAfrica Relations: Looking Back, Looking Ahead. Williams, P.D., 2016.War and conflict in Africa. John Wiley Sons.

Rousseau And The Ideal Society Essays - Deists, Hypochondriacs

Rousseau And The Ideal Society Rousseaue and the Ideal Society Has the progress of the arts and sciences contributed more to the corruption or purification of morals? Rousseau criticized social institutions for having corrupted the essential goodness of nature and the human heart. Rousseaue believed that by becoming civilized, society has actually become worse because good people are made unhappy and are corrupted by their experiences in society.. He viewed society as articficial and corrupt and that the furthering of society results in the continuing unhappiness of man. He also argued that the advancement of art and science had not been beneficial to mankind. He proposed that the progress of knowledge had made governments more powerful, and crushed individual liberty. He concluded that material progress had actually undermined the possibility of sincere friendship, replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion. In his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality he elaborated on the process of how social institutions must have developed into the extreme unequal rights of aristocratic France where the nobility and the church lived in luxury while the poor peasants had to pay most of the taxes. And in his Discourse on Political Economy he suggested remedies for these injustices. For Rousseau society itself is an implicit agreement to live together for the good of everyone with individual equality and freedom. However, people have enslaved themselves by giving over their power to governments which are not truly sovereign because they do not promote the general will. Rousseau believed that only the will of all the people together granted sovereignty. Various forms of government are instituted to legislate and enforce the laws. He wrote, The first duty of the legislator is to make the laws conformable to the general will, the first rule of public economy is that the administration of justice should be conformable to the laws. His natural political philosophy echoes the way of Lao Tzu: The greatest talent a ruler can possess is to disguise his power, in order to render it less horrible, and to conduct the State so peaceably as to make it seem to have no need of conductors. [v]irtue, no virtue without citizens; create citizens, and you have everything you need; without them, you will have nothing but debased slaves, from the rulers of the State downwards. He argued that the goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality, and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority. Yet Rousseau was not against positive law. On the contrary, laws protect those who are free from the vile enslaved man who violates them. We are free within the law, but again the laws must be in harmony with reason and the general good. Political Issues

Why Top Female Athletes Stay in Male-Dominated Sports to an Elite Level The WritePass Journal

Why Top Female Athletes Stay in Male-Dominated Sports to an Elite Level Abstract Why Top Female Athletes Stay in Male-Dominated Sports to an Elite Level ). This is addressed by using a larger sample (15 participants) (e.g. Waltz, Krumperman, and Zigmont 2011) and triangulation through the survey. 3.7 Ethical Considerations First amongst the ethical considerations that the study takes note of is the anonymity of the target participants, as well as the confidentiality of data to be collected. It is the researcher’s responsibility to ensure that participants provide informed consent prior to their participation and that they have the right to withdraw their participation at any point, without incurring any liability. The data collection shall take place visvis having informed the participants of the general purpose of the study and why their participation is being sought. Moreover, the data will be stored in a database using passwords that only the researcher knows, whilst the survey questionnaires will be put to safekeeping and disposed of upon the total completion of the research in order not to be accessed by anyone. The proposal shall require approval from an ethics committee. 3.8 Significance of the Research This study is significant in a number of ways, one of which is its contribution to the existing literature on female participation in what has been generally considered as male-dominated sport. Another is its confirmation of the prevailing role of culture and gendered images in such perception, as well as the continuing struggle of female athletes to situate themselves in the realm of sports, thereby adding to the existing knowledge on the subject. 3.9 Timeline The research timeline starts on February 3, 2014 and ends on February 16, 2018. The first part of the survey will be done in May 2014. The various aspects of the research are shown in the Gantt chart below: Figure 2: Gantt chart showing the research timeline References Anderson, E. (2008) ‘I Used to Think Women Were Weak’: Orthodox Masculinity, Gender Segregation, and Sport. Sociological Forum, 23 (2), 257-280. Carty, V. (2005) Textual Portrayals of Female Athletes: Liberation or Nuanced Forms of Patriarchy? Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 26 (2), 132-172. Elling, A. and Knoppers, A. (2005) Sport, Gender and Ethnicity: Practices of Symbolic Inclusion/Exclusion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34 (3), 257-268. Fink, J. S. (2008) Gender and Sex Diversity in Sport Organizations: Concluding Comments. Sex Roles, 58 (1-2), 146-147. Ford, N. (2012) The Essential Guide to Using the Web Research. First Edition. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hamdan, A. (2009) Muslim Women Speak: A Tapestry of Lives and Dreams. Toronto: Women’s Press. Krane, V., Choi, P. Y. L., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., and Kauer, K. J. (2004) Living the Paradox: Female Athletes Negotiate Femininity and Muscularity. Sex Roles, 50 (5/6), 315-329. Lee, A. S. (1991) Integrating Positivist and Interpretive Approaches to Organizational Research. Organization Science, 2 (4), 342-365. Monsen, E. R. and Horn, L. V. (2008) Research: Successful Approaches. Third Edition. US: American Dietetic Association. Mujis, D. (2011) Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. Second Edition. London: SAGE Publications. Pelak, C. F. (2005) Negotiating Gender/Race/Class Constraints in the New South Africa: A Case Study of Women’s Soccer. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(1), 53-70. Pringle, R. (2005) Masculinities, Sport, and Power: A Critical Comparison of Gramscian and Foucauldian Inspired Theoretical Tools. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29 (3), 256-278. Scott, D. and Morrison, M. (2005) Key Ideas in Educational Research. NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Vincent, J., Imwold, C., Masemann, V., and Johnson, J. T. (2002) A Comparison of Selected ‘Serious’ and â€Å"Popular’ British, Canadian, and United States Newspaper Coverage of Female and Male Athletes Competing in the Centennial Olympic Games: Did Female Athletes receive Equitable Coverage in the â€Å"Games of the Women†? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37 (3-4), 319-335. Waltz, B. J., Krumperman, K. M., and Zigmont, J. (2011) Foundations of EMS Systems. Mason, OH: Delmar Cengage Learning. Whisenant, W. A., Pedersen, P. M., and Obenour, B. L. (2002) Success and Gender: Determining the Rate of Advancement for Intercollegiate Athletic Directors. Sex Roles, 47 (9-10), 485-491.

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Assignment - 2

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Assignment Example Hence, it must be used in terms of financial stress, and not as a suffering. Analogy is a comparison between two things or their features, focusing on a certain kind of likeness, when they are otherwise totally different. For example, â€Å"My daughter moves like a butterfly flies.† Here, a girl’s movement is being compared to that of a butterfly due to the beauty they exhibit. Analogy can be misunderstood when it is used in sensitive subjects, like religion or science. Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an â€Å"implied comparison† (Nordquist, 2012, par. 1) of two concepts; or, which explains one thing in terms of an unreal situation. For example, â€Å"I feel the breeze of love in your presence.† The metaphor is breeze of love, which is nothing in real. Again, a metaphor is misunderstood in sensitive subjects. For example, â€Å"The children of God† does not actually mean that God is a parent. Simile is a kind of analogy very similar to metaphor, with the difference that it uses words like ‘like’ or ‘as’ to show the similarity between two dissimilar things. For example, considering the example given in metaphor section, the simile would be: â€Å"Your presence is like a breeze of love for me.† A simile is very easily misunderstood with analogy or metaphor, due to the thin line of meaning between them. Clichà © is an expression that has been used very widely and very commonly, so much so that people start using it in their everyday language without going into the detail of meaning. For example, â€Å"History repeats itself†, or â€Å"All is well that ends well.† Clichà © is often misunderstood with proverbs, as some proverbs are actually clichà ©s. Amphiboly is a sentence that gives out a confused meaning due to its loose structure. The sentence can be justified in either way it is understood. For example, â€Å"I caught her with my new shirt on†, means â€Å"I caught her when she was wearing my new shirt†, and also

POLICY ANALYSIS - CONTRACEPTIVE COVERAGE Assignment

POLICY ANALYSIS - CONTRACEPTIVE COVERAGE - Assignment Example I have reviewed actuarial studies, empirical evidence, and public programmatic efforts regarding contraceptive coverage in order to determine the cost to the consumer, to employers, and general costs incurred within the healthcare system. Annually, it is known that public funding for contraceptive coverage aids in the prevention of almost two million unplanned pregnancies, including approximately 400,000 teen pregnancies (Bertko et.al, 2012). Therefore, 860,000 unintended births, 810,000 abortions, and 270,000 miscarriages are prevented annually; also, those who receive public funding are typically eligible for Medicaid prenatal, delivery, and postpartum services (Bertko et.al, 2012). As a result, for every dollar spent for public funding of birth control, there is a cost savings of four dollars because unplanned births do not occur (Bertko et.al, 2012). In comparison of 15 different types of contraception, it was determined that the copper-T IUD offered the most cost savings over a five-year period, at $14,122 (Trussell et.al, 1995). Oral contraceptives during the same period cost $1,784 and saved $12,879 per person, while also preventing 4.1 unplanned pregnancies (Trussell et.al, 1995). Although contraceptive coverage costs $100-600 annually, the risk of pregnancy drops from 85 percent to 9 percent with birth control pills and under one percent for patients who use the IUD or hormone implant (Liebman, 2014). Over a two-year period, contraceptive methods yield cost savings in the range of $5,907 - $9,936 (Sonnenberg et.al, 2004). At the same time, the cost of payout for a vaginal delivery is $18,329 and $27,866 for a C-section (Liebman, 2014). It is also anticipated that if employers do not provide contraceptive coverage, they will end up paying an additional 15-17 percent due to the costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth (Awhonn, 2009). In 2013, women who had prescriptions for birth control pills saved an

Business plan - (investment) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business plan - (investment) - Coursework Example Investments are usually done from the closing balance of cash flows and not from the surplus or deficit that is incurred in the financial year. In this firm three scenarios are given and the cash flow results of two financial years are given on the basis of which investments are prepared. The items on the cash flow statement  that information the collective transform in an organization’s cash situation resulting from any profits or losses from savings in the operating subsidiaries and financial markets, and changes ensuing from  values spent on savings in capital assets for instance plant and equipment. Cash Flow statements have most fundamental information’s for depositor’s who are examining the financial report of the organization with savings objectives. Cash Flow Statements Analysis for Investment Objectives. 2010. Investment Blogger. [Online] Available at [Accessed 29 Nov.

Childhood Obesity And Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

Childhood Obesity And Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay Han et al. (2010) identified that the global prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased over the last ten years. Story et al. (2009) note that adolescent obesity as a significant global challenge for health in the 21st century, noting that the prevalence in the United States had quadrupled from 1966 to 2003-2006. In the United States, the Centre for Disease Control postulates that the American society has become obesogenic (CDC website). Moffat (2010) notes that as early as the beginning of the twenty first century the obesity epidemic was legitimately acknowledged as both a medical and societal problem. Health professionals continue to sound the alarm that obesity is a serious health concern for children and adolescents and places them at risk for a myriad of health problems, not only during their youth but also as adults. Freedman et al. (2007) posit that childhood obesity increases the risk for cardiovascular disease during adolescence and adulthood. Further to th at, they went on to argue that outside of the health risks that childhood obesity poses, the magnitude of the problem is often overlooked from the economic costs perspective. Trasande and Chatterjee (2009) noted that in 2009 in the United States, increased health-care and utilization and expenditures were concentrated among adolescents. They went on to underscore that the immediate economic consequences of childhood obesity are much greater than previously realized and emphasized that there needs to be continued concerted efforts made to reduce the burden of this major co-morbidity. The burden is not isolated to just childhood and adolescence as Serdula et al. (1993) purport the view that obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese as adults, a view later reinforced by Whitaker et al. (1997). In one study they identified that it was estimated that eighty percent (80%) of children who were overweight at aged ten to fifteen years were obese adults at age twenty-five . In a subsequent study Freedman et al. (2001) found that twenty-five percent (25%) of obese adults were overweight as children. Moffat (2010) notes that a number of studies conducted in the United States indicate that there exists an association between childhood obesity and low household income and food insecurity. As a result, she notes that children of low socio-economic status are the ones who bear the brunt of the obesity epidemic. It is also well documented that there is a higher prevalence of childhood obesity among ethnic minorities and immigrant children. Gordon-Larsen et al. (2003) and Sorof et al. (2004) noted that the prevalence of obese children was higher among Hispanics and African-Americans, who predominantly made up the low socio-economic status bracket of the United States. Poverty in the United States is highest among children, 20% of all children in the United States live in poverty, Kotch (2005), and consequently if poverty serves as a risk factor for obesity, they are going to be the population most affected. It is important to note that while at-risk populations are relatively easily identified, the very factors contributing to the obesity epidemic remain complex and not well understood. Basch (1999) identifies poverty as the single underlying cause for most diseases in the world today. Kumanyika Grier (2006) argue that low income communities or households may find it increasingly difficult to provide the resources or funds needed to provide children with nutritious meals or opportunities for sufficient exercise. The availability, affordability and appeal of foods that are low in nutritional value, but high in fat, sugar and calories, means that those in the lower socio-economic bracket find it easier to afford that meal plan. Further to that, persons in the low socio-economic bracket do not have access to food stores that sell healthy foods. In the United States, Powell and Chaloupka (2009), note that while the prices for low nutrition foods have been decreasing over the past few decades, the cost for healthy foods has been increasing, directly impacting the food options for the poor. Poverty affects not only the eating habits of minority groups but also influences their physical activity. Children, who live in poor households, normally live in poor or low income communities with crowded streets, marked by a lack of safe outdoor space or facilities in which they can play, Dwyer et al. (2006) and Franzini et al. (2009). A lack of physical activity or even a decrease in physical activity, coupled with increased fat and calorie intake are factors that can influence weight and lead to obesity in children. Other researchers, while they concur with the view that low socio-economic status is a determinant of childhood obesity, they go to note that other cultural and environmental factors exist, (Gordon-Larsen et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2007). Culture as a contributing factor must be considered in terms of its ability to influence behavioural patterns. Earlier arguments posited on stigmatization of excess body fat. However, children and adolescents in ethnic minorities find excess body fat and obesity to be less stigmatizing and less associated with a dissatisfaction of body types, Stice et al. (2006). Further to that, among Hispanics for example, a situation with which we can identify in the Caribbean, children who are small are considered to be sick or malnourished. In other low-income communities, such as African Americans, thin is associated with drug addiction or poverty, Jain et al. (2001). Here we see the stigma being attached to thin or small body types, creating an environment wher e obesity is acceptable, even preferred. Further to that, societal changes have also led to an adoption of sedentary lifestyles; a lifestyle that often times appear to be more pronounced among the minority groups. They are found to own more televisions than non-ethnic minority children and consequently spend more time watching television, and being exposed to advertising for high fat diets, Kain et al. (2004) and Kumanyika and Grier (2006). Having had discourse on the causes and aetiology of obesity in children and adolescents, identifying it as epidemic in the United States with long term implications for health, the question on prevention becomes more pertinent and leads to the identification of interventions. From the ongoing debate it seems that prevention of childhood obesity needs to incorporate a change in societal status, change in behavioural and cultural patterns as well as addressing the biological factors of obesity. McClaskey (2010) notes that with the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States, efforts at prevention must aim at protecting children, especially the vulnerable groups. She noted that some health centres in the US, are employing the use of a modified version of the national obesity programme We Can, to implement childhood obesity clinics, in an effort geared at reaching an underserved patient population. From the literature reviewed, it seems that while physicians are aware of the growing epidemic and its implications for health, Hall (2010) found that few actually initiated interventions on weight management with children. The impact of obesity among children and adolescents on morbidity, mortality and cost for healthcare, means that there is a need to engage not only the at-risk groups, but physicians as well on the need to overcome barriers to the resolution of this public health concern. Foremost in prevention and intervention is the need for education as re lates to the development and management of obesity. Healthcare professionals can and should be used in health promotions. The Institute of Medicine recommends that prevention of obesity should be encouraged in children and adolescents by tracking patients BMI, providing evidence-based counselling, and having healthcare teams act as role models, (IMO, 2005). This they argued, provides the opportunity to identify persons at risk and to provide opportunistic lifestyle advice, as well as provide pro-active care such as referral to a nutritionist or other actions geared at improving the nutritional and physical activity habits of the identified children. Hebebrand (2010) notes that efforts aimed at prevention should seek to incorporate the schools as school settings have proven important for health behaviour interventions. Such interventions in the US have seen the removal of vending machines from school compounds as well as prohibiting sale of sodas to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. The food industry in the United States has also responded to the need to modify diets by making products lower in caloric density. They have also developed foods with components claimed to assist in weight loss, (Gaullier et al. 2005) Roberto et al. (2010) noted in a study conducted, that childrens snack preferences can be influenced by the use of licensed characters such as Elmo being placed on the packages. As a result, they concluded that as a means of reducing childhood obesity, licensed characters to advertise junk food to children should be restricted. One of the most notable arguments for prevention indicates a need for prevention to begin in the early stages of the life of a child. Aranceta et al. (2009) underscore the need for the adequate nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy. At the community level, education on nutrition has been incorporated into the maternal care given to women. It serves to ensure their nutritional health as well as the future nutritional health of the infant. In 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama joined the campaign to fight childhood obesity. Her Lets Move Campaign is seeking to raise the nutritional level of school meals and improve access to healthier foods in deprived communities. That campaign has seen the inclusion and use of mobile food markets, in states such as Virginia. Further to that, parents are encouraged to enrol their children in extra-curricular activities. President Obama has also called for an additional one billion dollars to fund child nutrition programmes. Champions for Change, another campaign group, is advocating making changes in kitchens, homes, schools and neighbourhoods across America. It purports the need for more fruits and vegetables, more activity, which means less television, and more voices raised for healthy changes. Against this backdrop, from a public health perspective primary prevention of childhood obesity requires a population-wide approach that is multifaceted and that aims at promoting healthier eating practices, an active lifestyle and access and provision of care to children to ensure early detection of risk and thereby increase prevention. In 2004 the WHO approved the Global Strategy on Diet and Physical activity, encouraging all of its member states to develop and implement national action plans aimed at a reduction in obesity rates. Obesity, as previously noted, can have adverse health, social and emotional effects. It also increases the risk among adolescents for disability and premature death as adults. Story et al. (2005) notes that there are metabolic and physiological abnormalities associated with adolescent obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemias, orthopedic problems and type 2diabetes. Cowie et al., (2006) Ogden et al.(2006) and Reininger et al. (2009) have all documented findings that postulate that in the United States, underprivileged Hispanics have excessively higher rates of type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer as compared to whites; diseases for which obesity has been noted to be a risk factor. The life-long consequences of this rising epidemic are or should be a serious concern for health planners. Increased morbidity means increased utilization of health service, increased supply of health care for example pharmaceuticals, which translates into increased cost of healthcare and notably, the at-risk population is the one least likely to be able to afford access to the required health services. That places an additional burden on social security. Research suggests that obesity-related chronic diseases previously found in adults such as hypertension and osteoarthritis are now appearing in minority children (Frenn et al., 2003; Kumanyika Grier, 2006; McCarthy et al., 2008). Therefore, addressing obesity during childhood, particularly in ethnic minority populations, is a priority in preventing escalating co-morbidities in adulthood and the adverse health outcomes associated with such co-morbidities. A review of the plethora of literature that deliberates on the topic childhood and adolescent obesity presents not solutions to this growing epidemic but points to a need for continued research aimed at identifying effectual prevention interventions for that age group. It highlights a void in the data on socially accepted, sustainable, and culturally appropriate interventions for the at-risk population, minority groups. All of these possible interventions, if they are to be successful, can only be integrated into mainstream society if they are a part of a coordinated system that includes multi-sectoral participation and involvement of all of the stakeholders.

Essay --

1. Name of the system HRMIS is stands for Human Resources Management Information System. 2. Summary of the system to be developed HRMIS is system that will be developing to assist an employee’s record management in Human Resources Department and Finance Department. This system will help both department to collaborate in the making of finalize report which it been demand in the end of the month or year. This system will retrieve all the activity that contains of employee activities either active or non-active records such as for HR Department they consists a report attendance for KPI (key performance indicator), leave, mc, pension’s information and for Finance Department information like staffing’s salary. So, using this system where it is built using an intranet where staff from this two department can attach and update the information at the metadata immediately whereby it making the information currency. Besides that, they can monitor all the activities that related to the employee among themselves. This system contains a metadata that can be a key to the employee. So the inf...